Tesis ini berawal dari sebuah hipotesis yang mengatakan bahwa anak dengan Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) mengalami gangguan bahasa secara semantik atau disebut sebagai defisit semantik. Berdasarkan pengamatan awal di sekolah Cahaya Didaktika yang mengamati dua anak ASD ringan berusia 16 dan 11 tahun disimpulkan bahwa dua anak ASD sudah memiliki konsep kata. Data dari pengamatan awal tidak mencukupi untuk membuktikan hipotesis defisit semanti. Karena data awal tidak mencukupi untuk membuktikan hipotesis defisit semantik, tesis ini memperluas penyelidikan sebelumnya dengan tes pengetahuan leksikal breadth dan leksikal depth guna menjawab hipotesis defisit semantik.
Rangkaian tes dilakukan yang terdiri atas tes pengetahuan leksikal breadth melalui tugas pemilihan leksikal dan tes pengetahuan leksikal depth melalui tugas definisi kata yang dilakukan terhadap dua anak ASD dan membandingkan dengan grup kontrol berusia sama dengan usia mental ASD yaitu 8 tahun dan 10 tahun. Stimulus terdiri atas 39 kata dan 39 pseudoword dengan kriteria pemerolehan leksikal anak usia 5 tahun, kelas kata verba dan nomina, dan bersuku kata dua. Data tersebut diolah dengan uji statistik Wilcoxon, klasifikasi definisi kata dari Hadley, Dickinson, Hirsh-Pasek, dan Golinkoff (2015) dan taksonomi semantik dari De Deyne dan Storms (2008). Berdasarkan dari hasil rangkaian tes pengetahuan leksikal breadth dan depth ditemukan bahwa anak ASD dalam penelitian ini mengalami defisit semantik dengan ditandai pengetahuan leksikal breadth dan depth yang lemah.
Kata kunci:
Anak ASD, defisit semantik, pengetahuan leksikal breadth dan leksikal depth
Jumat, 10 Mei 2019
Rabu, 01 Mei 2019
Rabu, 31 Oktober 2018
Word Comprehension in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Word Comprehension in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Sansiviera
Mediana Sari
Department of Linguistics, Faculty of
Humanities, Universitas Indonesia
sansiviera92@gmail.com
Harwintha
Yuhria Anjarningsih
Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities,
Universitas Indonesia
harwintha@ui.ac.id
Myrna Laksman-Huntley
Department of Linguistics, Faculty of
Humanities, Universitas Indonesia
laksman@ui.ac.id
Abstract
This
research stems from the semantic deficit hypothesis in children with Autism
Spectrum Disorder (ASD; Rapin
& Allen, 1983; Boucher, Bigham, Mayes & Muskett,
2008; McGregor, Berns, Owen, Michels,
Bahnsen & Lloyd, 2012). In the field, based on observations at the Cahaya Didaktika inclusive
school, Indonesian children with ASD seem to possess word concepts. Therefore,
this research seeks to describe their ability in comprehending word meanings
through a noun definition task. The
research subjects are two mild ASD children aged 16 and 11 years old who are
undergoing schooling programs at Cahaya Didaktika. Data is obtained by asking
them to define 17 nouns with Age of Acqusition of five years using open-ended
questions. The definitions they give are then classified based on Hadley, Dickinson, Hirsh-Pasek, and Golinkoff (2017) and De Deyne and Storms
(2008). The results show that only some definitions are
meaningfully accurate, supporting earlier findings about ASD children’s
semantic deficits in word meaning comprehension. However, the subjects describe word meanings
accurately using sensory-motoric abilities, functional descriptions, and
gesture. In conclusion, our two research participants who are a lot older than
five years old demonstrate semantic deficit, but there is indication that
methods of defining word meanings that are more physical more successfully show
the knowledge of the participants. Our results contribute to the teaching of
nominal meanings to moderate-mild ASD children in Indonesian schools that can
further be adapted to the teaching of other parts of speech.
Keywords:
children with autism; ASD children; semantic deficit; word comprehension
How do Native Speakers of Bahasa Indonesia Think of Words?: Cognition Revelation through Words Association
How do Native Speakers of Bahasa Indonesia
Think of Words?:
Cognition
Revelation through Words Association
Ami Pramesti
Jewalani
Department of Linguistics, Faculty of
Humanities
Universitas Indonesia
ami.pramesti@ui.ac.id
Myrna
Laksman-Huntley
Department of Linguistics, Faculty of
Humanities
Universitas Indonesia
laksman@ui.ac.id
Harwintha Yuhria Anjarningsih
Department of Linguistics, Faculty of
Humanities
Universitas Indonesia
harwintha@ui.ac.id
Abstract
This present study discusses how Indonesian words
are related to other words in Indonesian speakers’ cognition. The data is
obtained by conducting word association task involving Indonesian adult native speakers as
participants. Using nouns as the cue words, the generated data is then
classified into categories applying semantic taxonomic encoding used previously
by De Deyne and Storms (2008) because it allows any words to be related to
other words in many ways. The study shows that the responses relate to the cue
words mostly by their lexical features, followed by entity features, situation
features, taxonomic category, and the least by introspective features. This
suggests that Indonesian speakers relate a word mostly to words that share the
properties of lexical features, especially words that are usually come after
the target words. Moreover, it is also revealed that feeling is rarely attached
to a word as words related to the target
word by introspective features are in small amount compare to other features.
The result of this study is expected to be an assistance in developing
dictionaries and thesauri, or to be the preliminary data to build databases
such as Wordnet in Bahasa Indonesia.
Keywords: Word association;
semantic properties; conceptual processing, semantic taxonomic coding, Bahasa
Indonesia
I read, I cut, and I (mis)select: Written-phrase misunderstanding shown by lexical activation and selection
I read, I cut, and I (mis)select:
Written-phrase misunderstanding shown by lexical activation and selection
Ami Pramesti
Jewalani
Department of Linguistics, Faculty of
Humanities
Universitas Indonesia
ami.pramesti@ui.ac.id
Myrna
Laksman-Huntley
Department of Linguistics, Faculty of
Humanities
Universitas Indonesia
laksman@ui.ac.id
Harwintha Yuhria Anjarningsih
Department of Linguistics, Faculty of
Humanities
Universitas Indonesia
harwintha@ui.ac.id
Language is complex since it is
composed by the combination of sounds whose meanings have no relation to their
form. Processing it therefore, requires some steps. Splitting the sound set
into pieces that have meaning is the step to be passed before finding out the
meaning of the cut pieces. Different cuts made to the string of sounds will
lead to different understandings. Intonation, in spoken language, helps
listeners divide the pieces to be understood. In written form, however, readers
have little clue by the punctuation mark, but once they are missing,
misinterpretations are likely to occur. This study examines the way Bahasa
Indonesia speakers process written language and how wrong ideas can come up to
their minds by observing their lexical selection.
Using definitions of 12 low
frequency nouns in Bahasa Indonesia as the stimuli, a lot of varied words were
brought out by the participants in the 15 seconds per definition allocated to
them. Most of the answers are not the target words represented by the
definitions. Nevertheless, at a glance, those words are connected in some way
with the definitions. Thus, by applying chunk and pass theory (Christiansen
& Cater, 2016) the words are analyzed according to the possible chunks made
from the definitions. Frame semantic theory (Fillmore, 1976) is used to explain how different words are activated while
reading a text.
The words selected by the participants
demonstrate that in processing written text, definitions in this case, the
readers chunk the words constructing the text. The chunked words are then
conceptualized that leads to frame activation along with words related to the
frames. Apparently, most of the words that are different from the targets, are
related to one frame activated from the chunked written text rather than to the
combination of all chunks. This is why the selected words differ from the
target words. In other words, misinterpretation in reading may occur since
readers activate many frames but select one frame instead of their combination in deciding what it is
intended by the text. This finding can be utilized in vocabulary enrichment
activities in children and adult language teaching.
Key words: Frame semantics, lexical
selection, written text processing, conceptualization; reading Bahasa Indonesia
Gone and not Understood: Omission Repercussions in the Utterances of Adults Suffering from ASD
Gone
and not Understood: Omission Repercussions in the Utterances
of
Adults Suffering from ASD
Ulfa
Kurniasih
Department of Linguistics, Faculty of
Humanities, Universitas Indonesia
ulfakurniasih@gmail.com
Harwintha
Yuhria Anjarningsih
Department of Linguistics, Faculty of
Humanities, Universitas Indonesia
harwintha@ui.ac.id
Myrna Laksman-Huntley
Department of Linguistics, Faculty of
Humanities, Universitas Indonesia
laksman@ui.ac.id
Autism
Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder causing disability in
communicating and expressing feelings. Frith (2004, p. 2) states that autism
disorders experienced by a person can cover all levels of intelligence and
language abilities and severity. Individuals with ASD who can conduct reciprocal
dialogues generally find it difficult to move flexibly from one topic to
another. They often respond inappropriately to signals given by others
(Tager-Flusberg & Anderson, 1991; Volden, Coolican, Garon, White, &
Bryson, 2008). This
research is an extension of previous research investigating children with ASD’s
language development (e.g., Rice, Warren, & Betz, 2005) in relation with aspects of discourse that influence
spoken omissions (e.g., Halliday & Hasan, 1976).
As
a linguistic investigation about how adults suffering from ASD use omissions in the utterances
produced, the primary
data comes from the spontaneous speech of 2 adults suffering from
ASD and 6 typically developing children. Normal children are
included in the control group as a comparison to see the omission phenomenon
with storytelling technique with or without a picture to be described, the two methods used. In the second
method that is without aid, a general theme has been prepared to be proposed to the research participants.
It is
shown that the omission phenomenon taking place in the utterances of adults
suffering from ASD and in children as the control group is quantitatively not
significantly different; however, qualitatively it has symptoms that can be
used to compare the two groups. Such characteristics are related to the issues
of autism spectrum disorder on the communication ability in giving responses to
the partners in speaking. Finally, the result of this research can be the first
step in diagnosing communication disorders experienced by people suffering from
ASD speaking Bahasa Indonesia as their mother tongue.
In general, the references of the omissions
by adults suffering from ASD are difficult to determine. This study confirms
and shows linguistic evidence for DSM-V that focuses on deficits in social
communication, and fixated
interest and repetitive behavior.
Keywords: autistic language; language disorder; omissions
in Bahasa Indonesia; deficits in social communication
Explaining the Incomprehensibility of the Utterances of Speakers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Topic Drift and Topic ShiftExplaining the Incomprehensibility of the Utterances of Speakers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Topic Drift and Topic Shift
Explaining the Incomprehensibility of the Utterances of Speakers with
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Topic Drift and Topic Shift
Ulfa
Kurniasih
Department of Linguistics, Faculty of
Humanities, Universitas Indonesia
ulfakurniasih@gmail.com
Harwintha
Yuhria Anjarningsih
Department of Linguistics, Faculty of
Humanities, Universitas Indonesia
harwintha@ui.ac.id
Myrna Laksman-Huntley
Department of Linguistics, Faculty of
Humanities, Universitas Indonesia
laksman@ui.ac.id
This research
is an extension of previous research investigating children with Autism
Spectrum Disorder’s (ASD) spontaneous speech (e.g., Manolitsi & Botting, 2011) in relation with aspects of discourse
that influence a spoken discourse’s cohesion and coherence (e.g., Bishop, 1999). The addition lies in the
judgment by listeners demonstrating their comprehension of what is spoken
about, where both the speakers with ASD and listeners speak Bahasa Indonesia. The
research aims to: (1) describe listeners’ comprehension towards the unity of
spontaneous speech of adult individuals with ASD elicited with and without a picture;
(2) observe the overall structure of a verbal interaction of adult individuals with ASD if
listeners do not comprehend the message; and (3) investigate whether there are
differences in listeners’ comprehension towards verbal interactions of adult individuals
with ASD and those of typically developing children. The primary data comes
from the spontaneous speech of 2 adult individuals with ASD (chronological ages 25;3 and
22;9 years old; mental ages 6 and 7;6 respectively) and 6 typically developing
children comparable to the speakers with ASD’s mental ages. The recorded speech
is then rated by 12 adults (age range 24-37 years old) without any history of
neurological damage for topic maintenance, and how that influences their
comprehension. The judgment then becomes the secondary data. Findings about the
listeners’ comprehension are explained with reference to the existence of topic
drifts and shifts observed in the primary data. Results show that listeners’
comprehension is closely related to speakers’ ability to maintain the topic(s)
of the verbal interaction. Frequent topic shift and topic drift are found in the speech of the participants with ASD that
influence its comprehension by the listeners. In Indonesian
context, the findings may suggest the first steps in deciding what to include
in the training of communication or conversations for individuals with Autism
Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
Keywords:
autism
spectrum
disorder; verbal interaction in Bahasa Indonesia; listener’s comprehension; topic shift; topic drift
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)
